Salem Witch Trials-Motivation In History - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1308 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/05/17 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Salem Witch Trials Essay Did you like this example? Salem Massachusetts, colonial United states, 1692. A young country still growing and unsteady. A place for the unwanted in England, a place of refuge. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Salem Witch Trials-Motivation In History" essay for you Create order Among other outcasts there were the Puritans, a group of people that practiced puritanism. They lived their lives directly through the bible. Their ministers and priests held more power than the government. Their religion strongly believed in witches and witchcraft, that the devil was always lurking. If there was a bad harvest, illness or storms they would blame witches and the devil. A few accusations started appearing throughout the town, people being possessed and dealing with the devil. This caused mass hysteria to spread wildly. It all began in the spring of 1692, when a group of young girls were caught in the woods. They said they were possessed by the devil, they accused several women of being witches and enchanting them. This causes a wave of hysteria to sweep across Salem and surrounding towns. It began with Elizabeth Parris and Abigail WIlliams being diagnosed that they had been bewitched. Soon after other girls in the village also began to show symptoms of bewitchment, such as uncontrollable outbursts, odd speech and fits of screaming. The girls and their families blamed Tituba, a slave and homeless woman, Sarah Good and also the elderly, childless Sarah Osborne. Notice all these women were of the lower class of people at the time, used as a scapegoat. The trials soon began to overwhelm the court system so William Phips, the new governor established a new Court of Oyer to rule over witchcraft cases. Eventually nineteen people were hanged after being accused of practicing witchcraft. Around 150 other people were accused, in 1693 May Phips pardoned and therefore released all people imprisoned under witchcraft charges. But it wasnt until 1711 when the good names were restored for those convicted. The effects of such a panic are still riddled throughout the town of Salem, Massachusetts to this day. There were a multitude of outside factors that all mixed together to allow something as horrifying as these trials were to occur. To begin, the primary religion practiced in Salem and surrounding towns was Puritanism; An extremely strict and unforgiving religion that was strongly superstitious. They believed that if they if you sinned even once you were condemned to hell, that is a lot of pressure, constantly walking on eggshells. So when young girls started behaving oddly, they claimed to have been possessed by witches, I believe because they were afraid of the consequences that would come if they were being honest and just came forward about what they were actually doing the woods. Practicing Puritanism means you must live in a heightened sense of awareness of all of your actions. I believe there must immense pressure to never do wrong, so if you were caught in a sin you would try to blame it on something else, to make it not your fault. I also believe that what caused this to blow so out of proportion and so quickly was hate. Once the trials started getting attention and people were being thrown in jail, neighbor would accuse neighbor because of disputes and feuds, not because they actual belief of practicing witchcraft. They knew if they accused them they would be shunned and suffer the consequences even if they werent convicted. Something else to keep in mind was the first three women accused of being witches were a slave, a beggar and an elderly poor woman, three easy targets. If you admitted to practicing witchcraft and came forward, you were spared your life, you had to live in prison but you could at least, live. But if there was a trial and you were con victed but continued to stress your innocence you would be hanged. So Tituba, most likely coming forward to save her own life, confessed. While the other two originally accused women denied their guilt. But Tituba, said there were others among her, she most likely said this to get a less severe jail sentence. There is also very convincing evidence of ergot poisoning, Ergot is a type of fungus that infects rye and thrives in warm swampy conditions, and according to the reports and diaries of Salem residents at the time it fits the conditions perfectly. This fungus causes symptoms such as muscle spasms, hallucinations and a few others, all coincidentally are present at the time of the bewitchings. This could give an explanation behind why people were so afraid. They were really were exhibiting symptoms that would certainly look like they were being possessed. It would give a very convincing sense of danger and especially to a kind of people who believe in these superstitions so whol eheartedly. I believe that the people in Salem had their reasons to be so afraid and act as they did. Now, what they did was horrific and wrong, but I believe the motivations behind everything were justified at the time. They did not have access to the type of information and science we do now. If the ergot poisoning actually happened that would give real convincing evidence of possessions. They would have had no other explanations, at the time besides witchcraft. In a community with a religion as strict and unforgiving as Puritanism caused the citizens were brainwashed and scared for their lives now and being sent to Hell in the afterlife. Giving the perfect environment for such fear and hate to grow out of control. Now fast forward to early 1950s U.S.A, theres a cold war standoff between the U.S and Soviet Russia, in an event known as the Red Scare. There was much fear that communist Soviet spies would infiltrate the United States and hold a serious threat to U.S security. There were executive orders and committees made to try and weed out and discover if there were any communist sympathizers working in the U.S government. There were blacklists created for many other industries, saying not to hire certain people because they might have been accused of being communist. U.S. Senator Joseph R. McCarthy pushed himself to the forefront of the anti communist battle. He would accuse celebrities and other political figures to destroy their reputation and careers. He abused his power to knock down his political competition, to take advantage of the climate of fear and untrust among political figures and U.S citizens. This compares to the Salem witch trials because as people around the community of Salem were accusing others of being witches the same thing was paralleled in early 1950s. With people living in fear that communism was going to take over their country. People were afraid of being wiretapped and feared being under surveillance. The motivations of certain political figures at the time also parallels how citizens of Salem treated each other. They would accuse for personal gain or hate rather than actual suspicion. They say history has a tendency to repeat itself, from back in the time when witches were thought to be terrorizing a town in colonial United states to a communist hunt in the 1950s. People will continue to be motivated by fear and hate for the rest of history, its human nature. What we can try to change is letting those motivations cloud our judgement of right and wrong. History continues to pay its respects to the 19 people put to death at Salem, a mistake that still hangs over the town to this day. Something good we can hope to count on is learning from our past mistakes, and let out motivations guide us towards doing good in the future. Theres nothing we can do to change the past to stop the fear, hysteria, pain and suffering. What we can do is continue to learn from our mistakes, and let our motivations guide us towards doing good in the future.

Culture Is The New Concept For Organizational Studies

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Financial Management Tools Financial Decision

Question: Discuss about the Financial Management Tools for Financial Decision. Answer: Introduction This report is helpful to develop the deep understanding about the financial management tools for taking the financial decision in a company. James fishers and sons is the company that has been selected in this report. This company operates its business all over the UK. The report covers an analysis of different types of ratios, financial stability, and liquidity and profit earnings for purpose of assessing the investment opportunity in its stocks. James Fisher and Sons plc is leading service provider of the Marines and Oil and Gas base industries. The company also provides customized solutions and services in the nuclear, construction and transportation sectors. The company provides the innovative solutions to the industries in the most critical areas of their operations and satisfies the customers worldwide. The total numbers of employees were 2747 in the year 2016 and the presence of their group companies in 25 countries at different parts of the world (James Fisher and Sons Plc, 2016). The annual turnover of the company is 437.93m and the market capitalization of the company is 793.30 million (CityWireMoney, 2017). The main strategy of the company is to gain the excellence in their core areas at the global level. Identify Profits, Earnings, and 5-year trend and ratio calculations As per the table and figure, it indicates that the company net profit of the company was 24.12 in Dec 2011 and 40.07 in 2015 so it is identified that the net profit of the company is increased by 60.19%.The reason behind the increase in net profit is the increase or decrease of price of the units. The companys cost such as the cost of finance and common cost (Fixed and Variable cost) is decreased as compared to previous years. These are the main indicators behind the increase in the percentage of profit in last five years. Similarly, revenue of the company is also increased by 307.62 to 437.93 in 2015 i.e. 70.24% from 2011.It is indicated that the company successfully innovations in their services to meet the changing needs of the customers as well as the company used the effective price strategies to maintain the revenue in the last five years. Moreover, the Earnings per share (EPS) of the company is also increased from last five years that is shown in below figure. From the last 5 years, it is identified that the companys increased their dividends on per share i.e. 16.1 to 23.8 it is indicated that the company achieved the good net profits in past years so that they distribute the dividends to its shareholders more (Michael et.al, 2015). And the second reason is that the companys also earns the sufficient profits in their different divisions and also plan to seek more growth and expansion in other areas. As per the above indicators discussed, it reveals that the growth of the company is substantially good in major areas of their operations. It assesses the capabilities of the company to derive profits from its operations. Below given table discuss the profitability ratios of the company for their 5 year period time. Profit margin ratio of the company indicates the higher percentage in the year 2012 it means that the company achieves the highest profit over their sales or revenue. After that, the profit ratio is increased i.e. 9.29 in 2015 as compare to their previous years. The profit margin is increased because the company performs effectively in their area of operations and company reduced their operating expenses. Similarly, the lowest profit margin is recorded in 2011 i.e. 7.84% which means that the competition in the industry was high and company did not produce the economies of scale and the pricing strategies also affected the net profit margin of the company (AccountingExplained, 2016). Similarly, on the other hand, Return on Assets ratio indicated the highest percentage in the year 2012 i.e. 11.15% and lowest in 2011 and 2015 i.e. 7.05 and 8.02.It seems that the company effectively used their assets to generate income. Currently, the ROA ratio is 8.02% it means that the company should e ffectively use their assets by reduced the cost and monitors the expenses of the assets periodically. Also, company can increase the revenues that help the company to increase the percentage of ROA. These ratios affect the financial performance of the business and impact the level of competition in the industry (BDC, 2016). Dividends ratios and their influence on financial performance. Dividend payout ratio is the important ratio for the investors to analyse the sustainable dividends from the company. The consistent trend in the ratio is considered as good as compared to high and low ratio. As per the table, it seems that the company pay out the dividends to their investors at a uniform rate for last 5 years. It seems that the companys operating performance is good and it capable of paying the dividends in future. The company paid 30% dividends to the shareholders in 2015 and 33% in 2011 it indicates that the company manage their debt and operating expenses effectively that improves the financial performance in future. Similarly, dividend yield ratio refers that the cash amount distributed by the company to its shareholders relative to the market value of each share (Gibson, 2012). It seems that the shareholders got 3.20% on the market value of per share and that is highest as compared to the previous years. It means that the investors money is appreciated in the c ompanys assets or stocks. The lowest yield ratio is recorded in the year 2013 i.e. 1.60% it means that the company cannot give the appropriate values to the investors according to the market value of the each share. Dividend ratios help the financial performance of the company; if the shareholders or investors are wealthier then it would be the indication for the company for more capital and investments. It seems that the company gives a uniform percentage of payout to the investors from 2013 to 2015.It also indicates that the company effectively managed their operations in these years and improved their performance effectively. Large dividends payouts are riskier for their future earnings. Financial stability and Liquidity ratios and their impact on financial performance of the company. Financial stability of the company is measured by the solvency ratio. In this ratio, it evaluates the companys debts to its assets and equity (FT, 2016). The debt to equity ratio of the company in below figures indicates that the 1.33 in 2015 which is higher than the previous years. It is indicated that the companys liabilities is increased as compared to its equities. The highest debt to equity ratio is recorded in the year 2011 i.e. 1.60 and after that, there is a subsequent decrease in their ratio levels from 2012-2014.From the above analysis of the 5-year trend ratios, it is assumed that the company has effectively managed their debts in these periods and generated their outstanding money from creditors on time. As per the risk perspective, the current year ratio is not good because it affects the cash flow of the business and company could not take effective decisions in operating and finance activities of their business. The higher debt ratio level limits the credit availabilit y of the company in future (Investing, 2016). The availability of credit is difficult for the company from the various lenders. So the company needs to maintain the debt equity ratio for better investments and extension of business in future. A uniform debt ratio helps the company to attract more investors and credit availability. On the other side the current ratio of the company is recorded highest in 2011 and 2012 i.e. 1.72 it indicated that the company was strongly capable to pay off its short term obligations. The good current ratio is considered is more than 1.After that there is slightly reduction in the ratios in 2013 and 2014 that indicated that the companys was not effectively maintain their inventory levels and working capitals that reduce the ratio levels. Similarly, in 2015 it went up to 1.58 that depicts that the company effectively manages their inventories and generates cash from their debtors to pay off its obligations in short span of time. As per the analysis of the solvency and liquidity ratios of the company it is consider that the company should effectively manage their ratios for good performance in the future. It is considered that the companys ratios reveals the good opportunity for investors to make investments in their projects. Research information about the company that affects the performance of company. This news is related to the BAE system testing of the technology for the ship energy assessment which is enhancing the condition optimization and routing enhancement system. It has impacted the transformation and ship maintenance of the UK companies (Navel technology, 2016). This news was released to develop the technology to monitor the equipment, fuel and energy that can help marine industry in future for better decisions in real time. BAE system is the leading system of the technology to suppliers that helps to monitor the fuel and energy performance of the ships and cargos. This system testing technology was provided by the James Fisher and sons plc in Northern Europe. It is used to monitor the operational performance of vessels at sea to inform potential inefficiencies (Marty, 2012). The SEA CORES is designed to reduce the complexities in the organization. This technique is used for analysis of the performance of the vessels to coordinate with environmental conditions such as weather, energy consumption and performance of ships in marine industry (Nick and Jos, 2012). The usage of BAE system impacts the management decisions such as enables the operator to reduce fuel consumption and minimize wear of the engines, and helps to save costs and increase the availability of the fleet to fulfill operational commitments around the world. Reflection on the company portrayed by journalists and other financial reports James fishers and sons is the leading brand of UK. It offers services to all sectors of marine industry and specialist suppliers of engineering services to the energy industry. It operates its businesses in marine support, offshore oil, specialist technical and tank ship division of the northern European regions (James fishers and sons.com, 2016). James fishers and sons is adopted the BAE system technologies for offering better services to ships in marine sector (Leonard and William, 2013). These are helpful to organization to use the Energy assessment system (EAS) and system information exploitation system (SIE) technology in productive manner. Both the technologies are beneficial for the optimization of fuel consumption and engine efficiency (Brain and kees, 2015). The company can also use the other strategies to optimize the vessels performance in marine sector. Further, this technology provides the valuable information to the company, which helps to better understand how to operate the fleet (Stephen, 2015). However, it is reducing the speed that may affect fuel and management of the optimum speed of the engine. Evaluate the corporate governance. Describe the role of executive directors, non- executive directors and combined code of corporate governance. Corporate governance report of James fishers and sons ensures accountability of different stakeholders towards shareholders by maintaining will disciplined the corporate code of conduct in the marine industry (Alice, 2016). The corporate governance is currently consists of 7 broad of directors such as chief executive officers, non- executive chairman, group finance directors and 4 non-executive directors. All these broad of members contribute towards the established the ethical standard; define strategies and financial objective of the company. Role of executive and non-executive directors: The broad members of James fisher and sons take decisions for betterment of company. Board members are responsible for long-term success of the company with correct strategic direction, management and control employees in the organization. The executive officers role is to take care of day-to-day responsibility of the company (Charles, 2016). Executive directors work for the companys long-term sustainable growth. While non-executive directors have the business and commercial experience to bring independent and objective, judgment by bearing in minds the challenges. Constructively the Executive Directors helps to identify solutions of issues of strategy, performance, resource and standards of conduct. Well-balanced decisions from Non-Executive and Executive Directors enable clear and effective leadership and maintain the highest standards of integrity across the Groups business activities (Richard and John, 2016). Each Non-Executive Director is expected to commit sufficient time to in Board and Committee meetings and to stay in touch with the senior management, shareholders and other stakeholders of company. The combined code is set of best practices applied in the organization for sustainable growth in the market (Thomas et.al, 2015). It was provided by financial reporting council of the corporate governance of the UK. The corporate governance has set of the provisions of the combined code of every company for broad of directors, and relation with shareholders, remuneration and auditing and accountability, leadership and effectiveness of company. In the report of corporate governance, code of financial reporting council helps to better understand each department of the company. It includes board of director, accountability, effectiveness, leadership and relation with the shareholders of the company (financial reporting council, 2016). The broad of director are executive and non-executive director of the company. Relationship with shareholders is also kept in mind while designing combined code by corporate governance. The good corporate governance is important for achievement of the goals and target of the company in effective way. Analysis of Asset value per share and current market share price and investment opportunities for investor After analysis of the asset value per share and current market value of share, it can be concluded that the company has the potential shown incremental market price per share and asset value of per share in last 5 years. Further it has also been analyzed that the company dividend payout ratio has increased in 2015 as compared to past years. This can make the shares of company attractive in capital market (Anderson, 2014). Therefore, it can be suggested to the investor to invest their money in this company, as it will be beneficial for future return over their investment. Conclusion From the above report, it is concluded that it would be a productive investment decisions for investors to invest their money in stocks of James Fisher and sons plc. The market price per share of this company has continuously increased in last 5 years. This could provide the capital gain benefit to shareholders. Along with this, the dividend yield ratio of company has increased from 2012 to 2015 continuously. It also depicts good opportunity for investors to invest their money in this company. Further, it can be concluded the BAE system techniques are applied in the company to enhance the performance of the company. This technique would be helpful to company for improving operational efficiency and reducing cost of different operations. This way, it can maximize companys profitability. References AccountingExplained (2016) Return On Assets (ROA) Ratio [Online] Available at: https://accountingexplained.com/financial/ratios/return-on-assets (Accessed by: 17th January 2017) BDC (2016) 4 ways to assess your business performance using financial ratios [Online] Available at: https://www.bdc.ca/en/articles-tools/money-finance/manage-finances/pages/financial-ratios-4-ways-assess-business.aspx (Accessed by: 17th January 2017) CityWireMoney (2017) James Fisher and Sons plc (FSJ.L) [Online] Available at: https://citywire.co.uk/money/share-prices-and-performance/share-factsheet.aspx?InstrumentID=1210 (Accessed by: 17th January 2017) Finanical Times (2016) Equities [Online] Available at: https://markets.ft.com/data/equities/tearsheet/financials?s=FSJ:LSE (Accessed by: 18th January 2017) Gibson, H. C. (2012) Financial Reporting and Analysis. USA: Cengage Learning. Investing (2016) Financials [Online] Available at: https://www.investing.com/equities/james-fisher-and-sons-balance-sheet?cid=32794 (Accessed by: 18th January 2017) James Fisher and Sons plc (2016) About James Fisher [Online] Available at: https://www.james-fisher.com/about/ (Accessed by: 17th January 2016) LondonStockExchange (2016) FSJ FISHER (JAMES) SONS PLC ORD 25P [Online] Available at: https://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/prices/stocks/summary/fundamentals.html?fourWayKey=GB0003395000GBGBXSTMM (Accessed by: 17th January 2017) Market watch (2016) James Fisher Sons PLC [Online] Available at: https://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/fsj/financials/balance-sheet (Accessed by: 18th Janauary 2017) Navel technology (2016) BAE System tests new SEA-CORES technology to improve ship maintenance. News, views and contracts from the global naval industry, 17 January [Online] available at: https://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsbae-systems-tests-new-sea-cores-technology-to-improve-ship-maintenance-5005844 (Accessed on 17 January 2017) James fishers and sons.com. (2016) About us [Online] available at: https://www.james-fisher.com/about/ (Accessed on 17 January 2017). Klettner, A. (2016) Corporate governance of regulation: the changing roles and responsibility of boards of directors.UK: Routledge. Rice, C. (2016) annual report and account, corporate governance report, PP.25. [Online] available at: https://www.jamesfisher.com/files/5014/5933/3634/Corporate_goverance_report_James_Fisher_Annual_Report_2015_WEB.pdf (Accessed on 17 January 2017). Leblanc, R., and Fraser, J. (2016) the handbook of broad governance: A comprehensive guide for public, private and non-profit broad members. USA: John Wiley and sons. Haperen, V.K., and Wilson, B. (2015) Soft system thinking, methodology and the management of change.UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Dam, V.N., and Marcus, J. (2012) Organisation and management: An international approach. UK: Routledge. Financial reporting council (2016) The UK Corporate Governance Code, corporate governance, pp.1-32[Online] available at: https://www.frc.org.uk/Our-Work/Publications/Corporate-Governance/Final-Draft-UK-Corporate-Governance-Code-2016.pdf (Accessed on 18 January 2017). Investing.com (2017) James Fisher Sons plc (FSJl). [Online available at: https://www.investing.com/equities/james-fisher-and-sons-earnings?cid=32794 (Accessed on 17 January 2017). Doumpos, M., Zopounidis. C., and pardalos, M.p. (2012) Financial Decision Making Using Computational Intelligence. USA: Springer Science Business Media. Guastello, J.S. (2015) Cognitive Workload and Fatigue in Financial Decision Making.USA: Springer. Lockenhoff, C., Strough, J., and Hess, M.T. (2015) Aging and Decision Making: Empirical and Applied Perspectives. USA: Academic press. Maclean, C.L., and Ziemba, T.W. (2013) Handbook of the Fundamentals of Financial Decision Making. USA: World scientific. Martin, M. (2012) The Inner World of Money: Taking Control of Your Financial Decisions and Behaviors: Taking Control of Your Financial Decisions and Behaviors.USA: ABC-CLIIO. Webster, A. (2014) Financial Decision Making Under Uncertainty. USA: Academic press.

Problems in Group Interaction and Ways to Overcome It Essay Example

Problems in Group Interaction and Ways to Overcome It Essay [pic] FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT SUBMISSION AND ASSESSMENT ____________________________________________________________ ____________ COURSE CODE : OUMH1303 COURSE TITLE : ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION SEMESTER : SEPTEMBER 2011 NAME OF STUDENT: EVA KOAY ASSIGNMENT TITLE: You are an employee of Softskills Training Consultant, a company which conducts soft skill training. You have been asked to give a speech entitled â€Å"Problems faced in group interaction and ways to overcome these problems† to the employees of Santander Bank. ___________________________________________________________ ____________ TABLE OF CONTENTS TOPIC PAGES |Index |Description |Page No. | |(1) |Introduction |1 | |1. 1 |What is Group Interaction? | | |1. 2 |The importance of learning skills | | |1. 2. 1 | | | |2. | | | |2. 1 | | | |2. 2 | | | |2. 3 | | | |2. 4 | | | |2. | | | |3. 0 | | | |3. 1 | | | |3. 2 | | | |3. 3 | | | |3. | | | |3. 5 | | | |4. 0 |Conclusion | | Good Afte rnoon , Dear Bankers, Ladies and Gentlemen, WELCOME TO THE TALK Today, the topic I am going to share with you is, â€Å"Problems faced in group interaction and ways to overcome these problems† 1) INTRODUCTION 1. 1 What is Group Interaction? How do we define ‘group’? Groups are commonly found in which people or working people are together to form a whole. Groups signify the collectivity of friends in circles, families, communities and co-workers. Groups are an essential part of our community life. As they can be in a small group of two or three people or in a large number of people. Groups that are interacting and interrelating with each other. Group interaction in general can be defined as a group of people interrelate and interact together to target the tasks or resolving conflict of issues at in order to reach a good understanding in communication, building team rapport and spirit. We will write a custom essay sample on Problems in Group Interaction and Ways to Overcome It specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Problems in Group Interaction and Ways to Overcome It specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Problems in Group Interaction and Ways to Overcome It specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Organizations, school or societies which organize or form a group of students , committees or co-workers to interact and work together for any meetings, events or in any kind of discussions for the purpose of reaching a better understanding by discussing together in team to target the unsettling issues or to cater to any key tasks in their organizations. In order to reach a better understanding and interaction, it is good to have the groups to interact with good and effective skills, brainstorming and share experience, seek explanation and find solutions to resolve the issues together in order to obtain good decisions . . 2 The importance of learning skills The importance of learning skills determine the effectiveness of interaction in groups for an end result of attaining solution. Learning of interaction skills are important steps that enables the ability to speak comprehensibly and convincingly and to listen the needs and analyzing response of others, by exchanging ideas and shari ng of experiences. These are the fundamental skills in carrying out the knowledge of communication theory and process in interaction. . 3 How learning these skills will benefit your audience in order to work effectively in a group By learning up effectively in groups motivate us to ask and respond to each other, elaborate and support each other’s opinions, enunciate own thoughts, brainstorming and share experience to reflect own knowledge. A member of the groups in general will open up the discussion issues, suggests the members to provide their ideas and opinions, seek explanation and find solutions to resolve the issues. Discussions would conclude well if the whole process of group interaction is managed well. Active group participation will also benefit the members of the group in building team spirit. Nevertheless, the benefits of group interaction would very much depend on the well managed teams and their cooperation. Besides, learning the skills will help the group to be more productive and completed their tasks effectively. Effective skills will help the group to generate and develop a good and effective interaction. 1. 3. 1 Instill individual responsibility and accountability Effective skills will help to instill individual responsibility and accountability as groups will reach an understanding in what they need to do, what are the next steps to carry out and how would they complete within the deadline, each of them hold responsibility and accountable for their own tasks. 1. 3. 2 Positive feedback Focusing and listening well on people’s ideas and comments in one the skills in interaction which help the group members to receive and provide feedback about others’ opinions, questioning of doubts. This will help to open up the members for improvement. Problem solving: Group members help the group to develop and use strategies central to their group goals. As such, they can facilitate group decision making and deal productively with conflict. In extreme cases, they know when to approach the professor for additional advice and help. †¢Management and organization: Group members know how to plan and manage a task, how to manage their time, and how to run a meeting. For example, they ensure that meeting goals are set, that an agenda is created and followed, and that everyone has an opportunity to participate. They stay focused on the task and help others to do so too. †¢Knowledge of roles: Group members know which roles can be filled within a group (e. g. , facilitator, idea-generator, summarizer, evaluator, mediator, encourager, recorder) and are aware of which role(s) they and others are best suited for. They are also willing to rotate roles to maximize their own and others’ group learning experience. â€Å"This paper presents a model of collaborative learning designed to help an intelligent collaborative learning system identify and target group interaction problem areas. The model describes potential indicators of effective collaborative learning, and for each indicator, recommends strategies for improving peer interaction. This collaborative learning model drove the design and development of two tools that automate the coding, and aid the analysis of collaborative learning conversation and activity. Empirical evaluation of these tools confirm that effective learning teams are comprised of active participants who demand explanations and justification from their peers. The distribution of conversational skills used by members of a supportive group committed to their teammates learning is compared to that of an unfocused, unsupportive group. The results suggest that structured, high-level knowledge of student conversation in context may be sufficient for automating the assessment of group interaction, furthering the possibility of an intelligent collaborative learning system that can support and enhance the group learning process. † |Available: International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education (IJAIED) 12 (2001) 40-62 | |(http://aied. nf. ed. ac. uk/members01/archive/vol_12/soller/full. html) | |Learning Research and Development Center (LRDC), University of Pittsburgh. | |[| |p| |i| |c| |]| â€Å"To function successfully in a small group, students need to be able to communicate clearly on intellectual and emotional levels. Effective communicators: * can explain their own ideas * express their feelings in an open but non-threateni ng way * listen carefully to others ask questions to clarify others’ ideas and emotions * can sense how others feel based on their nonverbal communication * will initiate conversations about group climate or process if they sense tensions brewing * reflect on the activities and interactions of their group and encourage other group members to do so as well â€Å"Regular open communication, in which group members share their thoughts, ideas, and feelings, is a must for successful group work. Unspoken assumptions and issues can be very destructive to productive group functioning. When students are willing to communicate openly with one another, a healthy climate will emerge and an effective process can be followed. † â€Å"Skills for a Healthy Group Climate To work together successfully, group members must demonstrate a sense of cohesion. Cohesion emerges as group members exhibit the following skills: * Openness: Group members are willing to get to know one another, particularly those with different interests and backgrounds. They are open to new ideas, diverse viewpoints, and the variety of individuals present within the group. They listen to others and elicit their ideas. They know how to balance the need for cohesion within a group with the need for individual expression. # Trust and self-disclosure: Group members trust one another enough to share their own ideas and feelings. A sense of mutual trust develops only to the extent that everyone is willing to self-disclose and be honest yet respectful. Trust also grows as group members demonstrate personal accountability for the tasks they have been assigned. # Support: Group members demonstrate support for one another as they accomplish their goals. They exemplify a sense of team loyalty and both cheer on the group as a whole and help members who are experiencing difficulties. They view one another not as competitors (which is common within a typically individualistic educational system) but as collaborators. # Respect: Group members communicate their opinions in a way that respects others, focusing on â€Å"What can we learn? † rather than â€Å"Who is to blame? † See Constructive Feedback in the process section for more details. † Available: (Online)http://cte. uwaterloo. ca/teaching_resources/tips/teamwork_skills. html Individual responsibility and accountability: All group members agree on what needs to be done and by whom. Each student then determines what he or she needs to do and takes responsibility to complete the task(s). They can be held accountable for their tasks, and they hold others accountable for theirs. †¢Constructive Feedback: Group members are able to give and receive feedback about g roup ideas. Giving constructive feedback requires focusing on ideas and behaviours, instead of individuals, being as positive as possible, and offering suggestions for improvement. Receiving feedback requires listening well, asking for clarification if the comment is unclear, and being open to change and other ideas. †¢Problem solving: Group members help the group to develop and use strategies central to their group goals. As such, they can facilitate group decision making and deal productively with conflict. In extreme cases, they know when to approach the professor for additional advice and help. †¢Management and organization: Group members know how to plan and manage a task, how to manage their time, and how to run a meeting. For example, they ensure that meeting goals are set, that an agenda is created and followed, and that everyone has an opportunity to participate. They stay focused on the task and help others to do so too. †¢Knowledge of roles: Group members know which roles can be filled within a group (e. g. , facilitator, idea-generator, summarizer, evaluator, mediator, encourager, recorder) and are aware of which role(s) they and others are best suited for. They are also willing to rotate roles to maximize their own and others’ group learning experience. As an instructor, use some of these strategies to encourage students to develop an effective process within their small groups: †¢Design the group task so that the students must work together. Group members will be more motivated and committed to working together if they are given a group mark; if you choose to evaluate in this way, be sure to make your expectations extremely clear. See the CTE Teaching Tip sheet â€Å"Methods for Assessing Group Work† for additional ideas. †¢Once students are in groups, have them develop, as one of their early assignments, a group contract in which they articulate ground rules and group goals. See Teaching Tips â€Å"Making Group Contracts† for details. Be sure that groups discuss how they will respond to various scenarios such as absentee or late group members and those who do not complete their assigned tasks. †¢Distribute a list of decision-making methods and strategies for conflict resolution. The CTE Teaching Tip sheet â€Å"Group Decision Making† is a good place to start. Have each group articulate, based on this list, a set of strategies for decision making and conflict resolution; this list should become part of the group contract. You may also want to offer yourself as an impartial arbitrator in emergency situations, but encourage students to work out problems among themselves. †¢Provide students with guidelines for running a meeting, such as setting and following an agenda, specifying time limits, and monitoring progress on the agenda. Consult the CTE Teaching Tip sheet â€Å"Meeting Strategies to Help Prepare Students for Group Work† for additional suggestions. †¢Teach students effective methods for giving and receiving feedback. For sample methods, see Teaching Tips â€Å"Receiving and Giving Effective Feedback. Create an assignment that involves them giving feedback to group members, and make it part of their final grade. †¢To help students recognize and make the most of their own and one another’s preferred roles, outline with them a list of team roles (see Teaching Tips â€Å"Group Roles† for one such list), have them determine which role(s) suits them best, and give them time to discuss within their groups how their particular role(s) will complement those of other group members. Requiring them to rotate their roles helps them to expand their skills set. 2. 0Problems faced in group interaction

The Impacts of Introducing an E-Commerce System to an Organisation Essay Example

The Impacts of Introducing an E The Impacts of Introducing an E-Commerce System to an Organisation Essay The Impacts of Introducing an E-Commerce System to an Organisation Essay The impacts of introducing an e-commerce system to the organisation are followed: Organisation can carry out their business without concerning about time and distance. Customer just can log in to organisation’s website whenever they wish to and purchase in single mouse click. Organisation eliminates processing errors; make it faster and convenient for the visitor. Organisation can sell their services/products directly to customers while cutting the costs of traditional retailing method. E. g. E-tailer does not have to spend so much on an expensive high street company. Organisation can reach much wider customers; which means organisation can sell their products/services worldwide rather than being limited to one place. Requires low running cost compare to introducing business on land based. Helps organisation to reduce the delivery time, labour cost and the cost incurred in various area such as document preparation, error detection and correction, reconciliation, mail preparation, telephone calling, supervision expenses etc. The risks of introducing an e-commerce system to an organisation: Risk to organisation information and intellectual property from internal staff and trading partners. It is difficult to control how sensitive information will be handled by third parties or contract workers. Hacker exploitation could cause errors in software applications design, technical implementation or system operation. System could be subject virus attack which may cause non-deliberate alteration on organisation images or web messages. Hence organisation will face embarrassment and damage to business reputation. Credit card payment fraud. Malicious attack from inside or outside the organisation. Technical failure or infrastructure failure which could put halt on the business. Organisation could lose customers hence revenue until system get back on running.

Management - Public Personnel Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Were the Puritans Puritanical (Carl Degler) - Essay Example believed it would anger God if one dressed differently to their station in life; it would be like lying to God to dress extravagantly when one was a member of a lower class. Many of the people who were in the upper-class of Puritans could and would wear gold, silver, and lace. Whilst this is true, most of the other restrictions on dress were to preserve the modesty of the wearer, although it was not as dull, plain and conservative as the stereotype. Women were expected to cover their head and most of their body. As previously mentioned, the Puritans placed a great value on the pure things in life, and part of this belief was an understanding of the Bible as more-or-less literal. In this case, they believed that man should not have too much fun, enjoyment or laughter in this life in case it hinder his ability to experience these things in the next, and sex was part of this. Sex was part of this, but it did not mean that sex was banned in society. The Puritans knew that people of both genders have sexual desires, and they also knew that these needed to be fulfilled. All the Puritans asked was that sexual intercourse be undertaken prayerfully with recognition that it is God that has bestowed these pleasures on them. However, it is worth noting that they did believe in having sex with respect and not enjoying it to excess. The central view of human nature in the Puritan faith is that it is prone to sin and this is an inescapable factor of life. Everything that comes from the body is sinful or disgusting. They believed that because of this tendency to sin, they must be controlled by a strong hand that helped them to curtail these sinful lusts and become more like God and live a purer life. The reason that they broke off from the English church is that they believed that this was corrupt, and they needed to escape this to try and counterbalance some of the things that human nature provoked. In life, the Puritans were expected to avoid sin as much as possible and